Extraction of metals and Alloys Essays

Extraction of metals and Alloys Essays Extraction of metals and Alloys Paper Extraction of metals and Alloys Paper A combination is a blend of metals, which may have extraordinary and improved characteristics from metal components, which make it. The level of components in a combination can be custom fitted to the application or reason it is being made for. Typically a combination is made of one metal (the base metal) with limited quantities of different metals included. Different metals supplant the situation of the base metal in its structure. Extraction of Metals A component or a compound in nature inside the earths outside layer is known as a mineral. They have a level of metal which can be removed. This is known as a metal mineral. The most widely recognized metal minerals are oxides and sulfides. Sulfides are the most seasoned metals. Oxides are shaped when photosynthesis in plants discharge oxygen into the air. Metal minerals are an unbounded asset and once they are utilized, they are no more. Reusing helps this. For the most part 50% of all metal is reused through salvaged material offices. The Reactivity Series (See reference section graph 1) A metal that is under carbon in the Reactivity Series (zinc to silver) can be removed from its mineral by warming with carbon. Carbon is utilized as it is effectively accessible and its modest (coke and charcoal are both carbon). The metal is then decreased by the carbon. Hydrogen might be utilized to decrease different metals which are lower than it on the Reactivity Series. It is more costly than carbon. It is just utilized for the extraction of tungsten. Gold and platinum are found normally as components and don't should be decreased. Silver and copper are additionally normally found. Extraction of Metals and Alloying Metal minerals are found in the earth. They are rocks containing mineral or metal mixes or metals themselves and should be extricated or expelled from the stones and the ground. To separate a metal from its minerals you have to know its reactivity. The procedure includes a concoction response where the metal is isolated from different components in the mineral. History of Metal Extraction Metals have been utilized by individuals for a great many years. Gold and silver found in nature, were utilized for gems to show how well off individuals were. These two metals are too delicate to be in any way utilized as instruments. The main helpful metal found was bronze (the Bronze Age). Bronze was utilized a great deal for instruments and weapons in Asia and Africa from 4500 B.C. furthermore, in Britain from 2000 B.C. Bronze isn't a component however a combination of copper and tin. Metals of copper and metal can be decreased by warming with carbon. This would have occurred as individuals lit wood fires in a spot where tin and copper metal were. The consumed wood would have made the metals (copper and tin) into bronze. After the Bronze Age, coal fires were utilized to create enough temperature for the extraction of iron (subsequently the Iron Age) The Iron Age started in Asia and Africa in 1100 B.C and in Britain in 500 B.C. Metals above carbon in the reactivity arrangement must be removed by electrolysis. With the disclosure of power in the nineteenth century, this permitted the extraction of progressively receptive metals. Aluminum has been removed since around 1870. (a long time since they discovered iron and 6000 years since they discovered bronze). Extraction of Aluminum Aluminum is the third generally bountiful (ample) component in the Earths outside layer. It is progressively bountiful and the more costly to create contrasted and iron. This is on the grounds that it takes a great deal of power for the extraction procedure of electrolysis to occur. Around half of aluminum utilized is reused. It takes less vitality to reuse aluminuim than to remove it from its mineral. Taking care of expenses of aluminuim in the reusing procedure adds to this. Aluminum is high in the Reactivity Series and is impervious to erosion as a slender layer of aluminum oxide on its surface shields it from consuming. Aluminuim has the mineral called bauxite. Bauxite has aluminum oxide, water, iron and different things. The filtered mineral is called alumina (aluminum oxide). Alumina should be fluid or liquid before the extraction strategy for electrolysis can occur. Alumina has a high liquefying point, so electrolysis is impossible at this temperature. Alumina can break down in cryolite, which causes it to have a lower softening point so electrolysis should be possible at about 950oC. The principle combination of aluminum is Duralumin. Aluminuim is likewise utilized in titanium amalgams. Duralumin is an amalgam of aluminuim (94%), copper (4%) and magnesium (1%). There may likewise be little amounts of manganese and silicon in the compound. Duralumin is a low thickness amalgam that has a more noteworthy solidarity to weight proportion than aluminum. Duralumin is utilized for airplane development. Properties and Uses of Aluminuim Aluminum is solid and has a low thickness. It is additionally impervious to consumption and can be effectively bowed into any shape. Aluminum is a decent conduit of warmth and power. It very well may be cleaned to accomplish a profoundly intelligent surface. Aluminuim can be utilized for making airplane, lightweight vehicles, and stepping stools since it has a low thickness and it is solid. A combination of aluminum, called Duralumin is utilized rather than unadulterated aluminum as a result of its improved properties. Aluminum, as it is anything but difficult to shape and erosion obstruction, is a decent material for making drink jars and material. Its additionally utilized for nurseries and window outlines as a result of its low thickness and protection from rust. Aluminum is a decent conductor of warmth, so it very well may be utilized for boilers, cookers and cookware. As it is a decent conduit of power, it is utilized for power links and wire. Aluminum is profoundly intelligent so its utilized in mirrors, reflectors and warmth safe garments for firemen to utilize. Removing Aluminum (See addendum outline 2) A steel compartment is covered with carbon this is the negative terminal Electrolysis currently starts. As aluminum is denser than the alumina and cryolite, it tumbles to the base where it is tapped off as unadulterated fluid metal. Oxygen is expelled from the positive carbon anodes. Oxygen responds with the carbon to frame make carbon dioxide. Extraction of Iron Iron is extricated from its metal in a Blast Furnace. The mineral is called Haematite. This is iron oxide. The iron metal has contaminations in it, typically silica. Limestone is added to the iron metal which responds with the silica which structures liquid calcium silicate in the impact heater. The calcium silicate coasts on the fluid iron. Iron is low in the Reactivity Series, so iron mineral is decreased into iron metal by warming with coke. How the Blast Furnace Works (See informative supplement Diagram 3) Hot air is impacted into the Blast Furnace which makes the carbon or coke to light. The temperature is about 2000oC. Carbon dioxide responds with the carbon and makes carbon monoxide. This lessens iron in the mineral into iron metal. Iron at that point drops to the base as fluid iron and is tapped off varying. Properties and Uses of Iron Iron is an attractive metal. Iron from a Blast Furnace contains around 5% carbon which originates from the coke in the heater. It is placed into molds called pigs, and the iron is then called cast iron or pig iron. It is weak and splits effectively, yet it has a decent protection from erosion contrasted with unadulterated iron or steel. Cast iron is utilized for sewer vent covers and for motor squares for petroleum and diesel motors. Carbon is expelled from liquid cast iron by percolating air through it. The air responds with the carbon before it responds with the iron since its increasingly receptive (the carbon). Unadulterated iron with the carbon evacuated is called created iron. This metal is effectively formed and is utilized for elaborate metal work like entryways. The iron in the Blast Furnace is made into steel for use in development. Combinations containing Iron The iron combinations are steel, manganese steel and treated steel. Steel is an apparatus of iron and carbon. The level of carbon may change from 0.1% to 1.5% giving prepares various properties. Steel is economical and solid and effectively molded. It very well may be utilized on the development of scaffolds, structures, boats and vehicles. The greater part of the steel is reused. Steel will require a defensive coat, similar to paint or it will rust. Rusting inverts the procedure that occurs in a Blast Furnace. Manganese steel is an amalgam of iron. Its iron (84%) and manganese (15%) and carbon (1%). It is hard and is utilized for railroad focuses and digging hardware. Tempered steel is a composite of iron. It is iron (80%) and chromium (15%), nickel (4%) and carbon (1%). Treated steel is exceptionally solid, hard and opposes erosion. It is utilized in cookware, cutlery and mechanical compound plants. Consumption of Iron and Steel At the point when iron is presented to air it will come back to its oxide. This is called rusting or consuming. This procedure needs both oxygen and water, salt or corrosive will make eroding quicker. You can forestall rust by covering the surface so the air doesnt come into contact with it. It can likewise be secured by an increasingly receptive metal (See the Reactivity Series in the informative supplement graph 1). Iron and steel are generally secured by paint, plastic covering or metal plating. Zinc plating is called arousing. Chromium plating is utilized for haggles of vehicles to give a cleaned surface. Conciliatory assurance is utilized for ships, submerged pipelines and oil rigs. Extraction of Copper Copper is at times found as a local metal. Copper mineral can be decreased by making it respond with carbon. The most widely recognized route is by warming copper sulfide mineral which separates. The unclean copper that outcomes is called rankle copper. Around half of all copper is reused every year. Unadulterated copper is required for acceptable electrical conductivity. Unadulterated copper is produced using the extraction strategy for electrolysis. Extraction of Copper Purification (see informative supplement outline 4) The unclean copper, when power is gotten through the cell, copper breaks down at the anode into arrangement. Copper structures at the cathode by decrease. Copper particles move from the anode to the cathode. The anode gets littler and the cathode gets bigge

Why Should Marijuana Be Legalized Many People, Old And Young, Everywh

For what reason should cannabis be legitimized? Numerous individuals, old and youthful, wherever on the planet, participate in the action of smoking this plant and purchasing gear. There are numerous considerable motivations to utilize this plant, other than for extra-curricular purposes. Maryjane ought to be authorized on the grounds that it's the holder of numerous advantageous uses including stifling agony, raising the United States in the clear, sparing a huge number of sections of land of woodlands, and making employments for some individuals. Through the authorization of cannabis, the U.S. could profit massively. Pot is the most broadly utilized controlled substance in the United States. Since it is utilized so regularly, why not take the cash it could make by selling it and help the economy. For each 1/8 ounce sold, the U.S. government could take 40% of the $40 or $45 with the other 60% heading off to the vender. The merchant would need to be observed by the legislature and would must have licenses and have their harvests tried for destructive composts. Wrongdoing would likewise be influenced in a positive manner. Unlawful medication violations would drop, permitting the police to direct their concentration toward progressively major issues. There is a weed smoker captured at regular intervals in the United States. Regularly, they get huge fines and little prison time yet recurrent wrongdoers can get as long as five years. Unfortunately, attackers and killers can get just a single year. Do you truly think smoking a joint is more terrible that assaulting and killing somebody If maryjane were to be sanctioned, the prison would have space for hoodlums that merit prison time for their wrongdoings. Expense dollars that go to indicting and imprisoning these alleged ?crooks' could go towards programs in illuminating smokers regarding how to do it duty. Street pharmacists that managed unlawfully would before long leave business and medication sneaking would drop to a low. They would in any case sell cocaine and PCP and the other illicit med ications yet they wouldn't have a similar benefit that they got earlier on the grounds that cannabis acquires such a huge benefit. In addition to the fact that sanctioning would profit the correctional facilities yet additionally the world. A large number of sections of land of backwoods that are demolished every day would be spared. One section of land of hemp can create up to multiple times more paper than one section of land of trees. Before trees can be reaped for use, they should develop anyplace between 20-50 years; while hemp just needs 4 months before it very well may be collected. With hemp becoming quicker than trees, backwoods would remain raised; thusly, many imperiled creatures would be removed the jeopardized species list. Numerous things can be made out of hemp and hemp oil. A few things incorporate; apparel, cleansers, margarine, and rope. By utilizing hemp, we could spare the earth while making ordinary things. For what reason are liquor and nicotine legitimate while weed isn't? Liquor and nicotine, similar to cannabis, are viewed as medications. Liquor brings out brutality and maltreatment in numerous individuals, while clients of pot are commonly agreeable and loose while on it. Nicotine, whenever devoured in huge enough amounts, makes huge mischief the clients' body. What's more, both nicotine and liquor are compelling, while hardly any clients of pot create conditions. A substance shouldn't be illicit in light of the fact that it is addictive. Sex and food can be addictive for individuals and they are not prohibited. Numerous individuals feel that the main individuals that smoke weed are jobless languid potheads, however that isn't the situation. Around 10 million individuals smoked cannabis routinely a year ago. The majority of these individuals were well behaved residents. If maryjane somehow happened to become sanctioned, there would need to laws to follow, for example, smokers could get a fine for smoking out in the open. Or on the other hand the United States could follow in the Netherlands strides. In the Netherlands, they legitimately sell pot on the city intersections in little shops. Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands, is the maryjane capital of the world and hence, numerous individuals allude to it as the most serene places on the planet. Utilization of pot would likewise be a lot more secure if the legislature directed it. The legislature could without much of a stretch control the sum sold and bought, which would bring down the level of medication maltreatment in the nation. Additionally, if the legislature checked maryjane crops, individuals smoking the plant

Newspaper and Online Media -- Communication, News, Technology

Paper and online media have both worked superbly to spread report to perusers. Paper as a customary media is acknowledge by a great many people for quite a while. In any case, as the innovation is growing up, online media become a contender of paper. Lobby (2001, p.2) express that there are 200 million individuals utilizing the web consistently and the page is around 800 million. These days, the web clients are as yet growing up quick. In any case, the paper despite everything assuming a significant job in news region. These two significant news media become a piece of individuals' life. Them two have preferred position and hindrance. Paper had produced for quite a while, and web innovation is new. Be that as it may, they are all produce data to crowds as quickly as time permits. For a long time, paper is the most simple media for crowd to get news. Cole and Harcup (2010, p.4) accept that paper is anything but difficult to take and read it in wherever your need. It is quick and modes t for crowd. That is the reason numerous individuals like paper before. Be that as it may, as the online media grow up these year. Individuals can get free news on the site and the web news is a lot of quick than paper. It offer individuals another comfort approach to get news. In a multi-media world, the paces of those individuals perusing paper is going down. Cole and Harcup (2010, p.7) express that paper won't kicked the bucket however the grown-up populace of perusing paper is going down from 77% to half from 1983 to 2006. What's more, simply 30% individuals think paper is famous in 2006. It is an immense test to paper after online news showed up. The paper and online media both use picture and language to recount to peruser story. In any case, paper have a restricted of picture and words. They couldn't utilize an excessive number of pages to show subtleties. Site can include more pictures t... ...ine media both playing a significant job in spread news these days. The benefit of paper is get perusers considerations and establish them have an extraordinary connection. The language and portrayal of paper will be significantly more calling and disposition. The confinement of paper is the reality isn't wide. They need to complete work on schedule and couldn't include data after completed it. Furthermore, the inconvenience of paper is the benefit of online media. Site can alter whenever and gave as mush data as they needed. Lamentably, individuals have more options on Internet implies online media lost them rapidly. Both paper and online media have their own trademark. They have to gain from one another and consider how to get crowd and keep them. Change the hindrance and get advantage from preferred position will enable each other to create later on.

PQs New Undergrad Ranking Out Dec. 5

PQs New Undergrad Ranking Out Dec. 5 by: John A. Byrne on November 21, 2017 | 0 Comments Comments 2,983 Views November 21, 2017PoetsQuants will publish its second annual ranking of the best U.S. undergraduate business schools on Dec. 5. The new ranking will be vastly expanded from last year’s debut list of the Top 50 schools, providing numerical ranks to 82 business schools.The new ranking will unleash a wealth of proprietary data based on both school and alumni surveys. Most importantly, all the dataincluding SAT scores, acceptance rates, new enrollment totals, pay and placement datawill be specific to each business school. Each ranked school will also have a reported profile on the site that captures the full essence of the undergraduate business experience.Last year, Washington Universitys Olin School of Business took first place honors in the debut ranking. Rounding out the top five in 2016 were Notre Dame University’s Mendoza School of Business, the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School, Georgetown University’s McDonough School of Business, and the University of California-Berkeley’s Haas School of Business.THE BASIC METHODOLOGY IN THE RANKING IS LARGELY UNCHANGEDThe basic methodology for ranking the schools is largely unchanged. The approach, developed in collaboration with business school deans and administrators, again puts equal emphasis on admissions standards, the total student experience, and job and starting pay outcomes (see How We Crunched The Numbers).PQ added several new questions to the questionnaire that was sent to alumni who graduated two years ago. The addition of these questions represents more of a tweak than an actual change in how the ranking is compiled. Among the five new questions, alumni were asked if their undergraduate business education helped them land a job in the industry of their choosing as well as the company they targeted in their job search. As a result, PQ gathered employmen t data beyond the basic job stats typically published by business schools. That data, never before gathered, will be shared in its entirely in the ranking.Just like last time, in fact, PQ will share all the data collected with readers as well as a detailed explanation of the methodology used to rank the programs. As with any ranking, there are limits to what can be measured and how well important attributes of the undergraduate experience can be captured in a series of metrics. That is why total transparency is essential for readers to determine what is most important to their own evaluation of a schools program and their fit with it.THE MOST POPULAR MAJOR IN AMERICABusiness is the most popular major in America, taken by slightly more than 20% of all undergraduate students. Enrollment in undergrad business programs has been booming in recent years, the result of concerns over employment and the cost of higher education. The ranking will be the most comprehensive ever published on un dergraduate business education.In addition to the ranking on Dec. 5, PQ will publish a minimum of 82 school profiles, as well as separate articles on the compensation packages of the latest graduates, the acceptance rates for each specific business school, and the new employment stats based on alumni responses to PQ surveys.Over the following weeks, PQ will publish many more data-based stories on everything from the average SAT and ACT scores at each business school to the latest enrollment data.DONT MISS: OUR DEBUT 2016 RANKING OF UNDERGRADUATE BUSINESS PROGRAMS Page 1 of 11

Essay on The Narrative Voice in Northanger Abbey by Jane...

Northanger Abbey by Jane Austen expresses the powerful narrative voice. The narrative voice that she uses is different from other novels. Most authors try to hide their presence in their novels but Jane Austen does not try to hide her presence. Her presence in the novel is so clear. For example, â€Å"The advantages of natural folly in a beautiful girl have been already set forth by the capital pen of sister author, and her treatment of the subject I will only add† (Austen 81). She tries not to trick her reader as he/she reads the novel. Instead she informs the reader that the book itself is just a novel. Her purpose is not to convince the reader and correct her story, but to understand the imperfection of language because language does not†¦show more content†¦She is telling him her version of the story, which then filtered through Lockwood’s perspective. Nelly is undependable narrator because she keeps important information about other characters and events. Lockwood is also not a dependable narrator because he does not fully understands the circumstance and might be misinterprets the stories that are told by Nelly. In Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte uses Mr. Lockwood to show that language is not enough to tell the truth and understand the other person. When Mr. Lockwood greets Heathcliff on their first encounter, Lockwood misjudges Heathcliff. He writes, â€Å"Mr. Heathcliff and I are such a suitable pair to divide the desolation between us† (Bronte 1). Also he describes Heathcliff as â€Å"a capital fellow† (Bronte 1). Bronte illustrates that the truth can be manipulated rather than fixed. And it can be manipulated by depending on who is telling the story. She points out that language is manipulated by unreliable people like Lockwood and Nelly. Jane Austen tries to make the reader doubt her stories so that they do not act like Catherine how she makes mistakes about people and cannot distinguish between fiction and real life. On the other hand, Bronte tries to make the reader to find and understand the various truths and makes the reader doubt in both written and spoken words. Northanger Abbey by Jane Austen and Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte analyze the language that fails toShow MoreRelatedPride and Prejudice and Northanger Abbey2887 Words   |  12 Pageshave the freedom to express themselves and be who they want to be, that is all that matters. In her novels, Pride and Prejudice and Northanger Abbey, Jane Austen originates the concept of being a woman and how important it is for women to fol low their own paths. Austens continual use of strong female protagonists, which was uncommon during her time period, shows how Austen was a progressive feminist aiming to change the status quo about women and their roles in society. During the Georgian societyRead MoreSummary Of Her Dealings With The Jellyby Family 1625 Words   |  7 Pagesserves one of the novel’s most important themes. 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Stephen Curry A Basketball Player - 827 Words

Wardell Stephen Curry II, better known as Stephen Curry, was born on March 14, 1988 in Akron, Ohio to Dell and Sonya Curry. Stephen Curry is a professional basketball player in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and plays for the Golden State Warriors. He has become famous for his seemingly supernatural ability to shoot a basketball from incredible distances. He is considered by some to be the greatest shooter in NBA history (Chandler). Stephen Curry was born into a family consumed with athletics. His father, Dell, was a standout basketball player in college and a professional player in the NBA for sixteen years. Stephen’s mother, Sonya, played division one volleyball at Virginia Tech (Dell played basketball at Virginia Tech as well). Stephen has two siblings: a brother named Seth (also a professional basketball player) and a sister named Sydel (a college volleyball player at Elon University). As a child, Stephen played football, basketball, and baseball. 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DostoevskyS free essay sample

Dostoevsky`S # 8220 ; Brothers Karamazov # 8221 ; And # 8220 ; Crime And Punishment # 8221 ; Essay, Research Paper In Dostoevsky # 8217 ; s novels hurting and some heavy load of the inevitableness of human agony and helplessness signifier Russia. And he depicts it non with white baseball mitts on, nor through the blisters of the provincial, but through people who are close to him and his worlds: metropolis people who either have religion, or secular humanists who are so distant from world that even when they love humanity they despise worlds because of their ain inability to accomplish or to create Eden on Earth. His novels The Brothers Karamazov and Crime and Punishment are best illustrations of the toxicant consequence of such ideals on the common homo. The rebellion of these humanists against the system and the world of human life becomes more of import, therefore love becomes the filter and the retainer of pride and ideals. The cause of XIX c. progressives becomes more of import to them than the existent homo being that might non suit the image of their perfect and humane society. Through these jobs and antonyms which cross and overlap each other, Dostoevsky depicts societal issues, particularly the job of slaying, through an image of people who go through hurting. He presents a graphical experience of 1s who do non cognize how to cover with humanity and its jobs. Dostoevsky himself does non give a clear solution nor does he go forth one with the certainty of religion for an illustration. He says himself: Finding myself lost in the solution of these inquiries, I decide to short-circuit them with no solution at all. ( From the Author. The Brothers Karamazov ) Through the presentation of offense and the issue of money which is frequently connected to it, Dostoevsky retells a Bible narrative. His reply to the job of evil and human life filled with agony, at least the most persuading one, for a better society and better societal conditions is active love. That is non the love that is directed towards the humanity as a whole, but towards the person: # 8220 ; Strive to love your neighbour actively and tirelessly # 8221 ; ( II, 4 ) . For Dostoevsky such love is a false 1 and he nowadayss it through such characters as Rakitin, Perkhotin and even Luzhin: Consciousness of life is superior to life, cognition of the Torahs of felicity is superior to happiness # 8211 ; that is what we must contend against. ( The Dream of a Pathetic Man, p. 382 ) One of greatest immoralities for Dostoevsky are the alleged progressives who # 8220 ; love humanity more than an single man. # 8221 ; Yet he does non stand for their behaviour as truly evil. Their hatred towards humanity arises precisely from the antonym: love. Secular humanists see so much immorality, offense and inhumaneness, they can non halt it so they rebel. Ivan Karamazov and his rebellion are strictly of that sort. He is non despicable, he merely can non understand that there might be a solution for such agony, particularly in the instance of kids who are guiltless in Christianity. That is why Ivan asks: Love life more than the significance of it? ( II, 3 ) Ivan as any mean rational, wants to cognize. To cognize the significance of life for him is more of import than to really make something about the human enduring. Ivan forgets that one human life is every bit of import as the full humanity. For him humanity is simply an abstraction which go on to be environing him. He thinks that by cognizing and logically, rationally eventually understanding the enigma of life jobs would be solved. For Alyosha, the merely reply is love for life, irrespective of the significance and the logic behind it. To assist people and seek to forgive them if they do incorrect or assist them if they need aid is all that Alyosha wants. Faith in God and people is the merely manner to populate with love. To believe in God and to hold trust in homo nature and fate agencies to forgive and to atone. It means non aching others. Ivan gets trapped by the power of his ain mind and his ain pride: the pride that pulses in worlds who want to cognize more. Ivan contradicts himself with his rebellion. On one side, everything is permitted, because there is no God ( Ivan is an atheist ) , on the other the regulation of despotic Inquisitors who claim that there is God, but # 8220 ; know # 8221 ; the truth: that there is no God. Ivan desires rebellion against the Father and his male parent, the announcement of a man-god, but in the same clip Ivan looks at people like himself as male parents to the multitudes. Raskolnikov does the same. He separates people on ordinary and extraordinary. His demigod is permitted everything: I merely adumbrate that the # 8220 ; extraordinary # 8221 ; adult male has the right # 8230 ; I Don # 8217 ; t mean a formal, official right, but he has the right in himself, to allow his scruples to transgress # 8230 ; ( Crime and Punishment. III, 5 ) Ivan praises the thought of God, # 8220 ; which entered the caput of such a barbarian, barbarous animal as adult male # 8221 ; ( Brothers Karamazov, V, 4 ) . So he besides thinks most of people unworthy. How can a adult male that despises humanity love it at the same clip? If worlds are like that than who has a right to be a Superman or the Inquisitor. Yes, it is true that there are bad worlds, but one can non travel and hatred all of human race for the mistake of some. Without love the redemption and better society are impossible. Sonya and her forfeit for others and her forgiveness are the best illustration. She has God because she knows that she is as large of a evildoer and no better than others, and she still loves people, she does non desire to be better for the intent of narcissistic pride. In Russia at the clip the Church was 2nd topographic point and the values of Western European broad thought were brushing through. What Dostoevsky saw was that none of those thoughts really improved the position of the multitudes. Therefore, the reply has to lie someplace else instead than in the averment of humanists and positivists that work forces are Gods. What Raskolnikov does is precisely that: he gives himself the licence to offend and to make up ones mind to be a God. He Rebels against society and its norms. Raskolnikov hates Luzhin and Svidrigaylov, but by killing the old lady and Lizaveta on his manner to his ain intent he turns into people every bit evil as the 1s he despises most. Once he crosses the line he does non cognize where to halt. Geoffrey Kabat writes: On another, symbolic degree, the slaying is an effort to eliminate a symbol of the oppressive forces of a society in which money gives one power over other people # 8217 ; s lives and in which deficiency of money means dependance on others. ( V, 124 ) The job of money and its oppressive and evil character is an of import issue in Dostoevsky # 8217 ; s novels. Raskolnikov is originally troubled because of his fiscal jobs, Sonya is a cocotte to supply for her household, Mitya wants to kill his male parent for money. Judas betrays Jesus for money. This subject is repeated in Dostoevsky, but there is ever something more: in the terminal the money ( as in the instance of Rodion or Mitya ) is of lesser importance than the existent rebellion against the society and the effort to alter the societal conditions which are about intolerable. They both consider perpetrating self-destruction, but do non make it because they are lucky plenty to run into and to follow a Christ figure. Jesus would hold forgiven Judas, but Judas did non inquire for forgiveness. He felt guilt, but the feeling of guilt is a necessity if one knows of guilt and possesses fear. To cognize the guilt is non plenty: to atone is important. Grushenka and Sonya forgive because they have to forgive, but in the first topographic point they know that the guilty have to forgive themselves and take the way of penitence. Otherwise, reason at its best turns a adult male into a autocrat, on a smaller graduated table than the Inquisitor, but still a autocrat. This self-importance and child rebellion ( against every male parent possible ) of Rodion kill Alyona and Lizaveta and that is why he hurts his female parent and sister. Joseph Frank writes: By this clip, Raskolnikov has begun to understand how easy a prideful egoism can get down with love and turn into hatred. ( Dostoevsky: The Old ages of Ordeal 1850-1859.I, 7 ) The option to the behaviour of Svidrigaylov and Raskolnikov in the Crime and Punishment is Sonya or Sofia. Her name implies that Dostoevsky even through this wants to demo how foolish the Greco-Roman foundation for the Western idea is. The lone individual that possesses the ultimate wisdom and the key to felicity is Sonya. The adult female of Russia who believes and takes an the function of the female parent for her sisters and brothers every bit good as for Rodion .She loves actively # 8211 ; with her organic structure she sacrifices herself for her household. Sofia is the 1 with the reply: Travel at one time, this blink of an eye, stand at the cross-roads, foremost bow down and snog the Earth you have desecrated, so bow to the whole universe, to the four corners of the Earth, and say aloud to all the universe: # 8220 ; I have done murder. # 8221 ; ( V, 4 ) Raskolnikov will non travel because for him authorization is another representation of amorality, no better than himself. They do non care about his psyche or his compunction. They want to happen the liquidator and penalize him. The point that follows out of is that no judicial system is adequate to do one truly experience sorry. The issue of penalty is non what affairs. Surely Sonya does non want Raskolnikov to turn himself in because she hates him or because she thinks that he is a vile and evil animal. She wants to salvage him and she knows that the first way to the Jesus is the entree of one # 8217 ; s ain wickedness, and want already exists. Sonya knows that Rodion will non be saved if he is simply sent to Siberia. She follows him with the offer and the illustration of her Christian love, carry throughing her words and actively loving, trusting that his evildoing will non force him off from the universe back into his ain interior universe in which cipher else has a topographic point. Opposite to Sonya is what # 8220 ; humanists # 8221 ; make, what the # 8220 ; extraordinary # 8221 ; work forces do. Their thought becomes more than the existent humanity, more than the existent substance of that thought. The inevitableness of human enduring becomes obvious if one is seeking for an reply. Therefore merely like Raskolnikov and Ivan rejection of such society and life comes, which leads to the # 8220 ; cold and inhumanely indurate to the point of inhumaneness # 8221 ; ( Crime and Punishment, V, 2 ) . In order to get the better of evil 1 has to get down with the premise that there is goodness. To arise violently because of a kid # 8217 ; s decease merely brings greater immorality. Ivan does non love others nor does he love himself. He does non accept the most of import of all, and what is important to Sonya and Alyosha: forgiveness. He can non forgive himself, for he is impeaching himself of Fyodor # 8217 ; s decease, and he goes mad. The Grand Inquisitor and Ivan come really near together in their hatred towards humanity. They hold the sentiment that Jesus made a error when he sacrificed for the human race. What they do non understand is that Christ, with his buss, once more and once more dies and forfeits hims hob. Jesus does non lose religion in worlds and in the possibility of goodness, even though there is evil. He forgives. Sonya forgives, she expresses wisdom with her actions. In The Brothers Karamazov, and Crime and Punishment, active love is the highest value and the lone redress to all of humanity # 8217 ; s jobs! Sonya # 8217 ; s manus motions, Zosima # 8217 ; s bow, Christ # 8217 ; s busss are a definite and the ultimate reply that Dostoevsky has to offer to the people. Father Zosima makes this thought really clear: If you are repentant you love. And if you love you are a God. All things are atoned for, all things are saved by love. If I, a evildoer, even as you are, am stamp with you and have commiseration on you, how much more will God. Love is such a invaluable hoarded wealth that you can deliver the whole universe by it, and aby non merely your ain wickednesss but the wickednesss of others. ( Brothers Karamazov. II, 4 ) From the narrative # 8220 ; Akulka # 8217 ; s Husband, # 8221 ; in which there is everything but sorrow on the side of the slayer, religion in God is the lone way to saneness. Dostoevsky was a immature adult male when he heard these narratives. How could he populate otherwise, if he truly actively loved people, but take the belief in God as a necessity? The belief that the thought of God should be at that place because otherwise everything would be allowed is Ivan # 8217 ; s position. His claim that society should be based on the Christian tenet, and that offense should non be merely against the province, but besides against Christ, is precisely the antonym of what to believe and to truly love Christ means. Christ did non set out to penalize the transgressors, but he gave them all the love that he could give: forgiveness and love: Remember peculiarly that you can non be a justice of anyone. For no one can judge a condemnable, until he recognizes that he is merely such a condemnable as the adult male standing before him, and that he possibly is morethan all adult male to fault for that offense. ( Brothers Karamazov. VI, 3 ) For Ivan, ageless justness does non be, and he besides does non believe that there are guilty. But after that he accuses people of being evil and he does non forgive them. So he needs a prevarication to cover the fact of the human mortality. The lone job is that God is non a prevarication, at least non for Dostoevsky. Ivan would set up the regulation of the Inquisitor: he would set up a system that uses Christ for its ain endurance. To actively love agencies to believe and non to cipher or believe merely nine hours a twenty-four hours or when it is helpful to one # 8217 ; s survival Through the act of rebellion against the societal norms and the Christian tenet secular progressives, or humanists, bury about fellow human existences as being fallible as much in idea as in action. In those minutes, great guardians of broad idea and love for humanity forget that they might non hold the definite reply, therefore they fall into the same trap as their predecessors who thought that they knew what is the best for people and enforced their thoughts. They all become Grand Inquisitors and # 8220 ; populating gods. # 8221 ; They all want to save worlds from the load of their ain egos, # 8220 ; for merely we, we who guard the enigma, shall be unhappy. # 8221 ; They preach prevarications alternatively of the truth, therefore they develop a different sort of love: oppressive love. The Christian love has to be free. This is where the societal issue of slaying, as in the instance of Akulka # 8217 ; s hubby comes in. He evidently does non experience compunction because he owes something to the authorities or the system, or to his married woman: Forgive me, I # 8217 ; ll rinse your pess now and imbibe the H2O too. # 8221 ; ( Akulka # 8217 ; s Husband ) He feels no compunction for the slaying and the ill-treatment of the adult female. The authorization did direct him to prison, but what he feels is nil else but the feeling of being punished. There is no compunction and seems that there is no forgiveness. Possibly that is why Dostoevsky does non brood on his imprisonment excessively much. He does non desire his ain penalty to turn into pride: so society does non derive anything from the penalty of the 1 who transgressed, but plain averment of its ain power. This lapurlative political orientation, system for the interest of itself, does non convey the solution. There has to be remorse and existent recognition and confession. Not confession for the interest of mere forgiveness, nor that same sentence, # 8220 ; I can non forgive myself. # 8221 ; For Dostoevsky, that is simply an alibi for pride and self-pity. Peoples find safety in their theories or in other external factors, such as being deprived from something by birth, burying that the quality of life is one # 8217 ; s ain pick, # 8220 ; wear # 8217 ; t do to others. # 8221 ; In a secular society every category feels responsible merely to its ain # 8220 ; natural # 8221 ; or instead inadvertent surrounding: The inmate is about ever disposed to experience himself justified in offenses against authorization, so much so that no inquiry about it of all time arises for him. However, in pattern he is cognizant that the governments take a really different position of his offense and that hence he must be punished, and so they are quits. ( Ideology and Imagination. IV, 147 ) Dostoevsky # 8217 ; s solution lies in precisely the antonym from the category battle and the solution that it brings. All of those strives bring merely displacements and bends but are still based on hatred and non on love. When one thinks of God it is non in footings of category one belongs to, or sex or age. One either accepts the Word or one does non, one either believes that even the sparrow has its topographic point in God # 8217 ; s clemency or one goes around raving against God, at the same time speaking of his necessity. Dostoevsky shows such attitude, such portion clip apologizing as worthless and really frequently unsafe: self-destructions and slayings. He genuinely despises it and pitilessly onslaughts those wickednesss with all his strength and his equivocal words. Zosima # 8217 ; s gives an history of what being without Christ can make: They, following scientific discipline, want to establish justness on ground entirely, but non with Christ, as earlier, and they have already proclaimed that there is no offense, that there is no wickedness. And that # 8217 ; s consistent, for if you have no God what is the significance of offense? ( Brothers Karamazov. VI, 3 ) This is the danger of Raskolnikov and Ivan # 8217 ; s logic. The society around them and around Dostoevsky is one which makes kids suffer and turns immature, beautiful and wise animals, like Sonya, into cocottes. What is the reply? Is one reply possible to it at all? Can one travel on life with the idea of how much agony there is? Does one Rebel against the society, so seek to set up a new one, burying that society does non come to be of itself, but is built by human existences: existences imperfect and ready to ache and arise against their male parents, against the thought of # 8220 ; old, # 8221 ; or the society of the past and present. If that is taken into history the lone people who make do sense out of human being, which is best showed and expressed through agony, are people such as Ilyushka and Sonya. Their statement is much stronger. They are better for the cause of the betterment of societal issues than the existent speechmakers for the multitudes. Why? They offer the solution for peace in one # 8217 ; s psyche. They offer it with religion in God, non the rational way of the Western mind or with the denial of a Russian nihilist, but with a spring of religion that charms one against existent, barbarous, universe. The autocrats, the intellectuals, the Ivans can non be prevented, but religions can get the better of them, over and over once more. The bow and the busss have to be. Children dice, kids suffer, society is unfair, people kill for stupid grounds and base, despicable feelings. In a universe that is hopelessly destined to travel on like that, religion, God, are the best replies to our desperation. Intellectualism evidently does non convey much advantage or peace # 8211 ; religion and love bash. With God one # 8217 ; s pride can be defeated, one # 8217 ; s duty recognized, one # 8217 ; s active love awakened, one # 8217 ; s psyche saved: By the experience of active love. Strive to love your neighbour actively and tirelessly. Insofar as you advance in love you will turn surer of the world of God and of the immortality of your psyche. If you attain to hone self-forgetfulness in the love of your neighbour, so you will believe without uncertainty, and no uncertainty can perchance come in your psyche. ( Brothers Karamazov. II, 4 ) ) Ivan recognizes that same necessity and utility of God. However, he does non truly believe in God, therefore he can non forgive, he can non forgive himself, and most significantly he does non believe in the immortality of the psyche and in justness. He does non love. Without a belief in the being of justness offense has no significance. His thought of God is worthless because he is an atheist, he does non believe. The lone manner out is non through the prevarication, with which the Church for centuries managed its personal businesss, but through true and honest belief that things have a intent and that it does count to be good and non to ache others. One can non work out society # 8217 ; s jobs unless one truly believes that what is done has a intent. That is non the manner because when one starts looking at humanity as a whole one will non happen many good things and one will neer hold any felicity. Merely by looking at the person can one get a minute of felicity and ecstasy of the psyche, such as Alyosha # 8217 ; s experiences in the field. Faith is non rational way, but it equips one with love. Merely by holding certain values and love for others can the household as the basic unit of the society survive. Family Karamazov is surely a barbarous illustration of what the society may come to if society does non keep values which produce love: we are all responsible for each other and we have to forgive each other. To better the society and societal conditions and to free people from immorality on Earth is impossible. The belief that there is immortality of the psyche and that there is God who takes attention of worlds is necessary. Dostoevsky goes farther than Voltaire. He believes that you have to hold true religion in order to achieve felicity and to make the land for better life. Intellectual treatment and the recognition of the necessity for the God as an thought or a Prime Mover becomes worthless the minute it is meant as a prevarication. It has to be the Truth, there has to be faith. If one lives a prevarication his resentment that the dream and the ideal are impossible will merely take to madness, hatred, and finally suicide or slaying. One has to give active love. So the ultimate reply to the agony and the unfairness in the universe is love. What higher feeling and more positive there is in human being? Again there is no rational manner to explicate and to truly take one on that way of religion. The possibility of such belief is existent because worlds are able to love. That means that they must be able to endure for others, they besides must be able to forgive. # 8220 ; Love all work forces, love everything # 8221 ; are Zosima # 8217 ; s words. Dostoevsky can non travel further than that. 37c

Pen Names and The Famous Writers Who Use Them - The Writers For Hire

PEN NAMES AND THE FAMOUS WRITERS WHO USE THEM If you have ever read a book and found yourself thinking that the style and way of writing seemed very familiar, it is possible that the book you are reading was actually written by your favorite author —only under a pen name. A pen name, also known as a nom de plume or a pseudonym, is an assumed name used by an author, in place of their own name. Some authors write exclusively under their pen name, while others write under both their actual name and their pen name (or multiple pen names, in some cases). But, why do authors use pen names? And how do they come up with the pen names they use? While the answer for that varies from author to author, we have come up with a list of 8 famous authors who have used pen names, and the reasons behind their decision to forgo their real names on their books. Mark Twain (real name Samuel Clemens): It is a well-known fact that Mark Twain’s real name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens. It is said that Clemens got the name â€Å"Mark Twain† from his former job as a riverboat captain. The term, â€Å"Mark Twain†, is a river term that means â€Å"two fathoms,† or 12 feet. The sounding of â€Å"Mark Twain† on a riverboat meant that it was safe to navigate the water. What is not so well known is the fact that Clemens also wrote under the names Thomas Jefferson Snodgrass, Sergeant Fathom, and W. Epaminondas Adrastus Blab. It is said that Samuel Clemens chose to write under pen names as a way to have literary freedom, and protect his family from repercussions due to the content and opinions of the characters in his books. Dr. Seuss (real name Theodor Seuss Geisel): Theodor Seuss Geisel is famous worldwide for his children’s books, penned under the name â€Å"Dr. Seuss.† Geisel first started using this pen name in college, after he was caught drinking by the Dean of the school, stripped of his position as editor of the Dartmouth college’s humor magazine, â€Å"Jack-o-Lantern,† and banned from writing for the magazine. In order to trick the administration and continue writing for the magazine, Geisel adopted the name Dr. Theophrastus Seuss, which he later shortened to Dr. Seuss. Geisel was not actually a doctor of any sort, having dropped out of the PhD program at Oxford. The â€Å"Dr.† in his pen name was in honor of his father, who had hoped that Geisel would someday get his PhD. The â€Å"Seuss† came from Geisel’s middle name, which was also his mother’s maiden name. While not nearly as famous as his â€Å"Dr. Seuss† pen name, Geisel also famously wrote under the names Theo LeSieg (Geisel spelled backwards) and Rosetta Stone. George Orwell (real name Eric Arthur Blair): When author Eric Arthur Blair was ready to publish his first book, Down and Out in Paris and London, he was concerned that his family would be embarrassed by the stories of their time in poverty. In order to protect them, he decided to adopt a pen name. He chose the name George Orwell to reflect his deep love of England. George is the patron saint of England, and Orwell was the name of a river where he loved to go sailing. Lemony Snicket (real name Daniel Handler): It is likely that most people cannot identify any books written by Daniel Handler. However, one would be hard-pressed to find someone who has never heard of Lemony Snicket and his popular childrens series’ A Series of Unfortunate Events and All the Wrong Questions. It is said that Handler first adopted the pen name of Lemony Snicket when he was doing research for his first novel, Basic Eight. He needed to contact various right-wing organizations, but did not want them to have his real name. Thus, Lemony Snicket was born. Stan Lee (real name Stanley Martin Lieber): Debatably one of the most famous comic book writers in the world, Lieber originally made the decision to write under the name Stan Lee because he hoped to one day graduate to writing more serious literary work, and planned to save his real name for that. Once it became apparent that he was destined to be known for his comic books, Lieber made the decision to legally change his name to Stan Lee. Richard Bachman (real name Stephen King): When King first started his writing career, it was a common belief in the publishing world that an author could only successfully release one book per year. In order to bypass this belief, King created the pseudonym â€Å"Richard Bachman,† so that he could release multiple books per year. King ended up publishing seven novels under the name of Bachman, before the connection between his pen name and his real identity were discovered. While King claims that he created his pen name in order to get away with releasing more books per year, it is said that he also wanted to see if â€Å"lightening could strike twice.† He wondered if his writing talent alone could launch his Richard Bachman personality into as much fame as he had achieved under his own name. Interestingly, though, the books he released under the name Richard Bachman did not gain success until it was publicly known that the books were King’s. JK Rowling and Robert Galbraith (real name Joanne Rowling): Now famous worldwide for her Harry Potter series, Rowling’s publishers were at first unsure if her target audience of pre-teen boys would accept stories about wizards that were written by a woman. For that reason, they encouraged her to use initials on the books instead of her first name. Having no middle name, Rowling adopted the â€Å"K† from her grandmother’s name, Kathleen, and became known as J.K. Rowling. What may surprise some, though, is that Rowling has been writing crime novels under yet another pen name: Robert Galbraith. Rowling has said that she made the decision to write her crime novels under another pseudonym, so that she could freely write without having the pressure from being the author of the wildly successful Harry Potter books. She liked the appeal of being able to create something completely different, and wanted her crime novels to stand (or fall) on their own merits. Mary Westmacott (real name Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie): Known as the Queen of Crime, Agatha Christie created 66 detective novels and 14 short story collections during her impressive writing career. However, what is unknown to many is the fact that she also wrote six romance novels under a pen name, Mary Westmacott, which she managed to keep secret for 20 years. It is said that Christie adopted her pen name, so that she could more easily switch genres from mystery and crime to romance.

Free Essays on Social Stratification

Everywhere you go you attempt to classify all that you see. Every stimulus goes into some specific group or ranking. This is a necessary aspect of life in order to make sense of the world in which we live. However, one must begin to wonder if some of this classifying has negative aspects. People placed in a certain group might have more privileges and advantages than others. Social Stratification has become important in identifying why certain people get certain things. According to our textbook social stratification is viewed as, â€Å"the ranking or grading of individuals and groups into hierarchical layers.†(Hughes, 171) This in turn â€Å"†¦represents structured inequality in the allocation of rewards, privileges, and resources.† (Hughes 171) This brings up some interesting questions. Is there any way that equality is possible? Will there always be poverty in our society? With the help of our textbook, as well as outside sources I plan on studying the current trends of stratification. Along with this I hope to show that while not impossible, total equality is quite unrealistic. It’s a subject that I’m sure has been on a lot of peoples mind since the beginning of civilization as we know it. Most societies have been and continue to organize their institutions so that that the benefits and burdens are systematically distributed unequally among different categories of people. Some might say that poverty is necessary however unfortunate. Without poor individuals a lot of necessary yet â€Å"dirty† jobs would never get done. Also some might point out that there are limited resources and that it should be a fight to see who gets what and how much. Others may feel differently and believe that equality should be a human right and every individual should have an opportunity at the resources. Yet in order to change the system from unequal to equal the people at the top of the hierarchal pyramid would have to give up some of... Free Essays on Social Stratification Free Essays on Social Stratification Everywhere you go you attempt to classify all that you see. Every stimulus goes into some specific group or ranking. This is a necessary aspect of life in order to make sense of the world in which we live. However, one must begin to wonder if some of this classifying has negative aspects. People placed in a certain group might have more privileges and advantages than others. Social Stratification has become important in identifying why certain people get certain things. According to our textbook social stratification is viewed as, â€Å"the ranking or grading of individuals and groups into hierarchical layers.†(Hughes, 171) This in turn â€Å"†¦represents structured inequality in the allocation of rewards, privileges, and resources.† (Hughes 171) This brings up some interesting questions. Is there any way that equality is possible? Will there always be poverty in our society? With the help of our textbook, as well as outside sources I plan on studying the current trends of stratification. Along with this I hope to show that while not impossible, total equality is quite unrealistic. It’s a subject that I’m sure has been on a lot of peoples mind since the beginning of civilization as we know it. Most societies have been and continue to organize their institutions so that that the benefits and burdens are systematically distributed unequally among different categories of people. Some might say that poverty is necessary however unfortunate. Without poor individuals a lot of necessary yet â€Å"dirty† jobs would never get done. Also some might point out that there are limited resources and that it should be a fight to see who gets what and how much. Others may feel differently and believe that equality should be a human right and every individual should have an opportunity at the resources. Yet in order to change the system from unequal to equal the people at the top of the hierarchal pyramid would have to give up some of...

Kitkat-nestle Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Kitkat-nestle - Research Paper Example Each of the fingers can be separately snapped from the bar. Bars have 2 or 4 fingers typically. Introduction Of Nestle in UAE Nestle’s first official presence in Middle East was in 1934 in Lebanon. It has grown then in the entire region and operating companies has been opened in every country of Middle East except Iraq and Yemen. In these two countries, selling and distribution of products is done through agents. The regional head office of Nestle was established in Middle East in Dubai in the year 1997. Currently, the activities are focussed on 13 countries of Middle East. Business Nestle is into food industry. They products in every food sector from infant food for children to chocolates, beverages, frozen food, seasoning, water, tea, coffee, ice creams etc for adults to pet care food for pets. Their product Kit Kat has its separate marketing and it is into the chocolate business with a range of different Kit Kat flavours. Organizations that market the brand Business activit ies of market In terms of retail and distribution, the market of Middle East can be characterised compared to others. There are three trade clusters in Middle East. The first includes countries like UAE, Qatar, Oman, Bahrain where top retailers account for more than 50% of sales. In this environment, the business is much more skewed towards hypermarkets, supermarkets and key accounts. In the second cluster, the top retailers make up less than 30% of business which includes countries like Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Lebanon. In the third cluster, the top retailers account for less than 5% of business. It includes countries like Yemen, Iraq, Iran, Palestine and Syria. The United Arab Emirates forms a large part of developed trade environment where the key accounts, supermarkets, hypermarkets, typically Lulu, the Coop, Carrefour and Spinneys represent the majority of sales. SWOT analysis of Kit Kat Strength The chosen company is such that it is very difficult to consider its weakness in p romoting their chocolate. The way in which Kit Kat Company is promoting its product is very strong. They make a discount when consumer buys large pieces. It also has many factories which increases and improves the sales of company. Maximizing the distribution of the product is very strong to achieve the goals for any company to have many consumers and gaining profits like the Kit Kat Company does. The way that retailers promote the Kit Kat chocolate is different. Good retailers should help the customers to observe the chocolate in the supermarket in a good way to sell more. For example, when we went to the see how supermarkets promote our product that we chose, we saw big differences in the amount of the Kit Kat chocolate in each store like in Al-Hadaf Supermarket, there are many sections provide different types of Kit Kat. Kit Kat chocolate is a familiar over the world because it has been produce for a long time. The company shows many advertisements and puts many billboards on gro ceries and big markets. Their slogan of Kit Kat â€Å"

Psychological abuse in the adolescence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Psychological abuse in the adolescence - Essay Example The feeling of guilt might become prominent in some cases. This might even make the individual become prone to self-injury or self-harm. The condition might become more evident through changes in the victim's body language. For instance, some victims avoid eye contact while talking to someone else. There are many chances that such people might get misunderstood for exhibiting such weird behavior patterns. However, it becomes very important to exercise patience and understand the real problem. The need to do so becomes greater when the victim is an adolescent on the threshold of looking at life with an independent perspective as well as enthusiastic to take the responsibility of his/her own life. A psychological setback at this stage could just de-alienate them from their purpose and dreams. Samuel Griswold Goodrich's contention that abuse is the weapon of the vulgar is not at all exaggerated. How else would one explain the hatred of one human towards another by not only causing physical but also psychological trauma to another The concept of the entire humanity being an extended family just goes for a ride, for there is no tolerance and synonymous virtues attached to an action that robs an adolescent off his/her future. It is vulgar and there cannot be a more disturbing explanation. The most common symptoms that come out as psychologica... However, a more banal form of abuse involving exhibitionism can be very shocking to young adolescents. Abuse of teenagers can also be in the form of physical or emotional neglect or parental incompetence. A salutary reminder is the number of children who are in care at any one time, some of whom will have been taken into care because of abuse at home. (The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act, ) It is very important to observe adolescents with an insightful eye. According to leading theorist Erikson's contention, adolescents are constantly exploring their identity. Every stage in their life poses a new question on identity crisis. An abusive setback can add more chaos to this crisis. The stages of 'split images' and 'dispersion' might be at the helm during such a phase. The victims of psychological abuse are generally not very communicative about their experiences. Even when they are probed, most adolescents would talk in terms of flashbacks or also might try to exhibit dissociative symptoms. Social withdrawal and avoidance of any stimuli that are closely related to the trauma (traumatic trigger) are very typical for traumatic experiences. Some adolescents try to self-medicate with alcohol and drugs to compensate for flashbacks and major emotional disturbances. Many adolescents are also afraid to talk about their traumatic experiences, especially if close relatives are invol ved. They may even feel extreme guilt over their failure to prevent the traumatic event. These adolescents need intensive care and protection. There is another side to the concept of abuse. The abuse might not always have physical or sexual overtones. It could be as abstract as a perspective that an adolescent might develop as he/she is maturing. It could be

Economics of Renewable Resources Essay Example for Free

Economics of Renewable Resources Essay Answer any THREE questions. Do not attempt to answer more than three questions. The three questions that you answer will be given equal weight. 1.(a)  Consider now a newly planted stand of trees. What decision rule should be employed for determining the â€Å"optimal† investment in the trees – the optimal rotation – given that the stand of trees is being managed on a Single Rotation basis? Explain. (b) Now suppose that the stand was, instead, to be managed on a Multiple Rotation basis, rather than a Single Rotation basis. What impact would managing the stand on a Multiple Rotation, as opposed to a Single Rotation, basis have upon the optimal rotation period? Would it be correct to say that the opportunity to use the forest land over and over again for growing trees, under Multiple Rotation, would lead to the rotation period being longer than it would be under a Single Rotation basis? Explain fully. (c) It has been argued that forest policies in most Canadian provinces have as their long term goal fully regulated normal forests. Explain, with the aid of a simple example, what is meant by the term normal forest, as opposed to a single stand of trees. What relevance, if any, does the idea of a normal forest have to the concept of Maximum Sustained Yield as applied to forestry? Explain. 2.  The economics of renewable natural resources has, in all of its sub-branches, a common theoretical core. The core consists of the closely linked theory of capital and the theory of investment.  You have studied the economics of fishery management and foresty management. In what sense, if any, can fishery resources and forestry resources he regarded a capital assets from the point of view of society? With the aid of examples, discuss the opportunities, which society has to â€Å"invest† both positively and negatively, in such resources. What basic rules do the theories of capital and investment suggest that society should follow in making such investment decisions? In light of these rules, define what would an economist understand by the term â€Å"overexploitation† of a specific renewable resource. Under what circumstances would you expect â€Å"overexploitation† given set of renewable resources to be of a chronic problem? Explain. 3. (a)  The static economic model of the fishery studied by you, the Gordon-Schaefer model, predicts that optimal economic management of a fishery resource would always lead to the fishery resource being stabilized above the MSY level. The dynamic, capital theoretic, economic model, also studied by you, gives us no such assurance. On the contrary, the dynamic economic model predicts that optimal economic management of the fishery could easily lead to the fishery resource being stabilized below the MSY level. How can such an apparent contradiction be explained? Discuss. 1 (b) The static Gordon-Schaefer economic model of the fishery also predicts that,  under Pure Open Access, while there will be overexploitation of the fishery resource there will be no danger of the fishery resource being driven to extinction. Yet there are several examples from the real world of fishery resources being driven to at least near extinction. Recall the examples of Norwegian Spring Spawing Herring and the Bering Sea Donought Hole pollock resource. How can you explain the difference between the Gordon-Schaefer model prediction and what we observe in the real world? Discuss fully. 4.  Under the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, coastal states, such as Canada, have been given the right to establish 370km Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs). Due to the mobility of most capture fishery resources, most coastal states establishing EEZs find that some of the fishery resources in their EEZs cross the EEZ boundary into neighbouring EEZs, or into the adjacent high seas. The coastal states are thus faced with a â€Å"shared† fish stock management problem. Consider now two coastal states, A and B, that share a transboundary fish stock, which does not extend into the adjacent high seas. On what grounds can it be argued that, if A and B refuse to cooperate in managing the transboundary fish stock, both A and B will be driven to adopt fishery exploitation strategies that they will know to be harmful? Suppose that A and B agree to cooperate in the management of the transboundary fish stock. A and B are identical in every respect, except that A has a lower social rate of discount than does B. Could this difference in social rates of discount lead to A and B differing in terms of their management goals for the transboundary fish stock? If so, how? If A and B do have difference resource management goals, does the economic theory of shared fish stock management studied by you suggest that it will be impossible for A and B to establish a successful cooperative fisheries management arrangement? Explain. 5.  Limited Entry Type I fisheries management programs, involving limited entry  to the fishery combined with Olympics style TACs, have more often than not produced disappointing results. This has led to the adoption of Limited Entry Type II programs in which TACs and limited entry to the fishery are combined with harvesting rights schemes, the most common of which in Canada consists of ITQs. Discuss the nature of ITQ schemes, such as those found in B.C., and in so doing explain why economists prefer ITQ schemes in which the individual quotas are: (i) long term (in fact, if not in law); (ii) expressed as percentages of the TAC, as well as being transferable. Would it be correct to say that ITQ schemes are feasible only in single species fisheries, or can they be used in multiple species fisheries as well? Explain. Everyone agrees that there are some fisheries, particularly in developing fishing states, where it is not feasible to implement ITQ schemes. Do alternative harvesting rights schemes exist that might be used in such fisheries? If so, describe briefly one such alternative harvesting rights scheme.

Avenged Sevenfold Essay -- Music

There are two ways to live life, for instance you can live as if nothing is a miracle, or you can live as if everything is a miracle. Be thankful for everything you have and realize the importance of spending as much time as possible with a loved one. There are some things that must be understood about life. For instance there are some things in life that you do not want to happen but no matter how hard you try it still happens. It is tough to get everything you want. You can’t rely on the future because you never know what is coming. The reality is that the future is now, and we create our own as we make critical decisions that can affect us in a positive or in a negative way. We must live in the present, forget about the past and see what the future holds for us. In support of this, the song â€Å"Seize the Day† by Avenged Sevenfold explains the importance of making decisions and how one gnomish decision could affect some ones life dramatically. First of all, the band was formed in 1999 in Orange County, California. The very first album was recorded when the band members were just eighteen years old and in high school. This goes to show that when there is a will, there is a way. This means that when someone is actually willing to do something and committed to doing it, they will do it and will not care what comes their way. The bands name is Avenged Sevenfold in which the name is a reference to the Book of Genesis in the Bible. To be more specific, it comes from Genesis 4:24 where Cain is sentenced to live in exile for murdering his brother. God marked him so that none would kill him on account of his sin, the man who dared to kill Cain would suffer "vengeance seven times over". The abbreviation for Avenged Sevenfold came from... ... for granted. The entire band is trying to make you understand that when you are caught in a drift you have to know what to do or else you will just be carried around everywhere the current takes you. All you have to do is, really think about what you doing and that are if it is the correct chose. The members of the band may not have been the brightest in school academically but they bring to the fans things to think about. This shows that everyone is not what they seem to be sometimes. Behind this musicale, hard core party band, they are really down to earth and know how to make a point in their songs. Now, not all of there songs are this way and not artist write about the same thing, and this is what makes this band different from all the other bands. They take risks on writing songs of uncommon things that no typical rock or alternative band would write about.

Impact of Motivation on Job Satisfaction Essay

The term ‘motivation’ is derived from the word ‘motive’ which influences the behavior of individuals. Motives are the expression of needs of a human being. Motivation is a process of getting the needs of the people realized to induce them to work for the accomplishment of organizational objectives. Motivation is a behavioral psychological concept. It seeks to understand why people behave the way they do. The intention is to produce goal-oriented behavior. It aims at influencing good result and arises from within the individual. The inner feeling balances the perception of an individual and satisfaction of his needs that influence the direction, volume, behavior limitation and efforts of an individual. Hence motivation is an inducement of inner feeling of an individual. It cannot be forced upon from the outside. According to Steers and Porter (1991), there are two ways to view motivation. The traditional way is to define motivation as a process of directing (stimulating) people to action in order to accomplish a desired goal. Based on this definition, motivation is the function supervisors perform to get their employees to achieve goals and objectives. The second view looks at individual motivation. Such motivation represents an unsatisfied need that creates a state of tension (disequilibrium), causing the individual to move in a goal-directed pattern towards need-satisfaction and equilibrium. The goal of the behavior is to reduce tension by achieving a goal that will satisfy that need. Both approaches to the study of motivation are motivation. Harmer (2001) defines motivation as some kind of internal drive which pushes someone to do things in order to achieve something. This significantly refers to an individual’s desire and willingness to take action towards the accomplishment of a given task. Invariably, people’s behavior at work is controlled by their intrinsic motives that characterize the work as well as the working environment. The manager’s job becomes one of identifying the right chord to play to influence each group member to achieve the group goals. However, the study of motivation addresses the distinctiveness of each individual, for each individual has a number of motivators (Robert and Hunt, 1991). Armstrong(1998) considers motivation as ‘why people at work behave in the way they do in terms of their efforts and the direction they are taking and what the organization can do to encourage people to apply their efforts and abilities in ways that will further the achievement of the organization’s goals as well as satisfying their own needs. Cole (2002) relates this to human behavior and defines it as ‘a process in which people choose between alternative forms of behavior in order to achieve personal goals’. According to Spector (1997:2) job satisfaction is simply how people feel about their job. It is the extent to which people like (satisfaction) or dislike (dissatisfaction) their jobs. As is generally assessed, is an attitudinal variable. In this context, job satisfaction can be considered as a global feeling about the job or as a related constellation of attitudes about various aspects or facets of the job. The management dilemma in many organizations in today’s fast paced technological environment is how managers can improve the motivation of employees, so that companies employ and retain a fulfilled work force that contributes optimally to organizational stakeholders. Essentially, the questions that must be answered by this study are: What makes some employees perform better than others? What makes some employees seem better satisfied in their jobs than others? In what ways can management improve the motivation of their employees? All organizations are concerned with what should be done to achieve sustained high levels of performance through people. This means that, there is the need to give close attention to how individuals can best be motivated either through such means as incentives, rewards, leadership and importantly the work they do and the organizational context within which they carry out that work. This is very important because according to Reece and Brandt (1996:234) they identified the importance of the emotional factor at work. Emotions play a critical role in the success of every organization, yet many people in key decision- making positions (leaders) with outstanding technical and financial skills fail to understand the important role emotions play in a work setting. In part, the problem can be traced to leadership training that emphasizes that doing business is a purely rational or logical process. These authors further emphasize that the cost of ignoring the emotional factor at work can be costly to companies in the form of lawsuits, resignation and death of valuable employees, etc. PROBLEM STATEMENT There are many and varied reasons why managers are continually under distress in many organizations. Resources both human and material as well as technology are but a few issues confronting managers daily. More importantly, the human aspect has questions that have perplexed and fascinated managers for a long time. These questions include: What makes some employees perform better than others? What makes some employees seem better satisfied in their jobs than others? How can we improve the motivation and overall job satisfaction of our employees? There are no easy answers to these questions, yet they plague managers in their day to day running of organizations. The reality is that the level of employee motivation affects their morale, performance and overall job satisfaction PROBLEM ANALYSIS DIAGRAM Employee Commitment Increases Profit Margins Effect of Motivation Increases Performance Job Satisfaction RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. To what extent does motivation lead to increases in job satisfaction? 2. To what extent does motivation lead to increases in performance? 3. Is there any relationship between increases in profit margins and job satisfaction? OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY GENERAL OBJECTIVES To establish the impact of motivation on job satisfaction and to propose alternative strategy or recommendation to enhance job satisfaction at the workplace. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES 1. To examine whether motivation leads to an increase job satisfaction. 2. To assess whether motivation leads to an increase in performance. 3. To investigate whether motivation is the factor to increases in profit margin. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The fundamental purpose of this research is to determine the main causes of satisfaction and dissatisfaction amongst a group of employees within the frame work of the Herzberg study. This research is important or beneficial because: 1. It will broaden management’s insight that motivation plays a key role in the overall job satisfaction of employees. 2. It will enable managers to understand the factors and processes that are internal and external to the individual employee in an organization that have an effect in his/her behavior and performance. 3. It will also assist managers to devise strategies that sustain a highly motivated workforce so that the end result is that all stakeholders are content with the performance of the enterprise. 4. By understanding motivational issues behind employees, managers can systematically develop strategies to deal with motivational problems. RESEARCH DESIGN As part of our data collection method, we intend using qualitative and quantitative techniques. The research design we are going to use will be based on the descriptive design. For a comprehensive insight into our methodology kindly see the third chapter. SCOPE OF THE STUDY The study is divided into five chapters. The first chapter looks at the background of the study, objectives of the study, the research hypothesis and significance of the study. Chapter two reviews existing literature in the area of the study, while chapter three discusses the methodology applied in collecting and analyzing data. Methodology is followed by the processing and analysis of the data as well as the findings from the study. The final chapter covers conclusions, recommendation and references. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 INTRODUCTION Understanding the theory and application of motivation is important in managing human resources for organizational success. This is more critical today due to the ever changing business environment organizations find themselves or operate. The relationship between job satisfaction, motivation, and efficiency or productivity is very important in the business industry as well as in personal life. Long term research has found that the single greatest predictor of longevity is work satisfaction. Work is one third to one half of a persons’ lifetime, and if frustrated the mental and physical effects are very costly. Job characteristics including skill variety, task identity, and task significance lead to psychological conditions in which in turn leads to increased motivation, performance and job satisfaction. It is important to investigate this area in order to determine how much of an effect does overall job satisfaction, motivation and productivity has on each other. It is also important to research the relationship between motivation and job satisfactions because it can assist businesses in designing and manufacturing an environment to maximize productivity and efficiency while keeping their employees satisfied. Finally, it is significant to study motivation and job satisfaction because it can help people better understand what job will best suit them to be motivated and satisfied while making a difference in the productivity level. As part of the research into establishing a correlation between motivation and job satisfaction, this chapter seeks to capture the relevant literature and concepts of motivation and job satisfaction. 2. 2 MOTIVATION THEORIES The fundamental approaches to motivation are underpinned by motivation theory. The most influential theories are classified as: content theories and process theories. Content theory: It focuses on the content of motivation and the nature of needs. It states that motivation is essentially about taking action to satisfy needs, and identifies the main needs that influence behavior that is those specific things that actually motivates the individual at the work place. Process theory: In process theory, the emphasis is on the psychological processes or forces that affect people’s perceptions of their working environment and the ways in which they interpret and understand it. According to Guest (1992a) in Armstrong M, process theory provides a much more relevant approach to motivation than the theories of Maslow and Hertzberg, which, he suggests, have been shown by extensive research to be wrong. Process or cognitive theory can certainly be more useful to managers than needs theory because it provides more realistic guidance on motivation techniques. MASLOW’S NEEDS THEORY The most famous need classification was formulated by Maslow (1954) in Armstrong M, a human relationist, argued that people are motivated to satisfy five need levels. Among these are: Physiological need, this talk about the basic needs of life which are need for oxygen, food, water, clothing, shelter and sex that present basic issues of survival and biological function. In organizations these needs are generally satisfied by adequate wages and work environment itself, which provides restrooms, adequate lighting, comfortable temperatures and ventilation. Safety, the need for protection against danger and the deprivation of physiological needs. Social, the need for love, affection and acceptance. A manager can help satisfy these needs by allowing social interaction and making employees feel like part of a team or work group. Esteem needs actually comprises two different sets of needs: the need for a positive self image and self respect and the need for recognition and respect from others. A manager can help address these needs by providing various extrinsic symbols of accomplishment; the manager can provide challenging job assignments and opportunities for the employees to feel a sense of accomplishment. Self-fulfillment (self- actualization), the need to develop potentialities and skills to become what one believes he is capable of becoming. The self actualization needs are perhaps the most difficult for a manager to address. In fact, it can be argued that these needs must be met entirely from within the individual. But a manager can help by promoting a culture wherein self- actualization is possible. For instance, a manager could give employees a chance to participate in decision making about their work and opportunity to learn new skills. Maslow (1954) in Armstrong M, suggests that the five needs categories constitute a hierarchy. An individual is motivated first and foremost to satisfy physiological needs. As long as they remain unsatisfied, the individual is motivated only to fulfill them. When satisfaction of physiological needs is achieved, they cease to act as primary motivational factors and the individual moves up with the hierarchy and become concerned with security needs. This process continues until the individual reaches the self actualization level. Maslow’s concept of the need hierarchy has a certain intuitive appeal and has been accepted by many managers. However, it has not been verified by empirical research and it has been criticized for its apparent rigidity. Different people may have different priorities and it is difficult to accept that people’s needs progress steadily up the hierarchy. Infact, Maslow himself expressed doubts about the validity of a strictly ordered hierarchy. Some research for example McClelland has found that, the five levels of needs are not always present and that the order of the levels is not always the same as postulated by Maslow. In addition people from different cultures are likely to have different needs categories and hierarchies. McClelland NEEDS THEORY. McClelland(1975) in Roberts,H. k. & Hunt identifies three needs that motivates managers and agrees with Maslow(1954) that needs motives are part of the personality, which he believes are triggered off by environmental factors. He further identifies these most important needs as: The need for achievement, The best known of the three, is the desire to accomplish a goal or task more effectively than in the past. People with a high need achievement have the desire to assume personal responsibility, a tendency to set moderately difficult goals, a desire for specific and immediate feedback, and pre occupation with their tasks. David McClelland, the psychologist who first identified this need, argues that only about 10 percent of the US population has a high need for achievement. The need for Affiliation Affiliation is a desire for human companionship and acceptance. People with strong need for affiliation are likely to prefer (and perform better in) a job that entails a lot of social interaction and offer opportunities to make friends. The need for power The need for power is basically a concern for influencing people- to be strong and influential. They are likely to be happy in jobs that give them control over budget, people and decision making. OTHER MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES ADERFER ERG THEORY Aderfer (1972), in John M. Ivancevich describes a three level hierarchy, compared to the five levels proposed by Maslow. These include: 1. Existence Needs- this category is grounded in the survival or continued existence, of the person. As such, it would include many of the issues covered by the physiological and safety needs identified by Maslow. . Relatedness Needs- this category is based on the need for people to live and function in a social environment. It would embrace the need to be part of a group and belong to a valued organization. It incorporates many of the issues covered by the safety, belonging and esteem described by Maslow. 3. Growth Needs- this category is grounded in the need for people to develop their poten tial. As such it would cover the self-actualization and much of the esteem needs described by Maslow. HERZBERGS TWO FACTOR MODEL The two-factor model of satisfiers and dissatisfiers was developed by Herzberg et al (1957) in Armstrong M, following an investigation into the sources of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction of accountants and engineers. It was assumed that people have the capacity to report accurately the conditions that made them satisfied and dissatisfied with their jobs. Accordingly, the subjects were asked to tell their interviewers about the times during which they felt exceptionally good and exceptionally bad about their jobs and how long their feelings persisted. It was found that the accounts of ‘good’ periods most frequently concerned the content of the job, particularly achievement, recognition, advancement, autonomy and the work itself. On the other hand, accounts of ‘bad’ periods most frequently concerned the context of the job. Company policy and administration, supervision, salary and working conditions more frequently appeared in these accounts than in those told about ‘good’ periods. These categorized into two types of motivation as Intrinsic Motivation: the self- generated factors that influence people to behave in a particular way or to move in a particular direction. These factors include responsibility (feeling that the work is important and having control over one’s own resource) autonomy (freedom to act), scope to use and develop skills and abilities. Interesting and challenging work and opportunities for advancement. Extrinsic Motivation- what is done to or for people to motivate them? This includes: rewards such as increased pay, praise or promotions, punishment such as disciplinary action, withholding pay or criticism. Frederick Herzberg theory had close links with Maslow’s and believed in a two factor theory of motivation. He stressed that, certain factors could be introduced into a business that will directly motivate an employee to work harder (Motivators) included are achievement, recognition, responsibility and advancement. However, other factors called (Hygiene factors) de-motivate an employee. The most common hygiene factors, or dissatisfies include: company policy and administration, supervision, salary, interpersonal relationship and working condition. Hygiene factors are factors which â€Å"surround the job† rather than the job itself. Importantly, Herzberg viewed pay as a hygiene factor which is in direct contrast to Taylor who viewed pay and piece-rate in particular. Herzberg believed that business should motivate employees by adopting a democratic approach to management and by improving the nature and content of the actual job through certain methods. Some of the methods managers could use to achieve this are: Job Enlargement- workers being given a greater variety of tasks to perform (not necessarily more challenging) which should make the work more interesting. Job Enrichment- the design of jobs so that they contain a greater number of motivators which involves workers being given a wider range of more complex, interesting and challenging tasks surrounding a complete unit of work. This should give a greater sense of achievement. Empowerment- means delegating more power to employees to make their own decisions over areas of their working life. For the purpose of this research, emphasis will be laid on Herzberg two-factor model. Though recognition is identified as a motivator by Herzberg, Miller (2002:15) mentions four common incentives (money, contests and competition, recognition including praise and rewards, and disciplinary action) thought to motivate others, but they discourage intrinsic motivation. She says the key to performance is to create an environment for intrinsic motivation, using four incentives (competency, empathy, autonomy and fulfillment). Green (2000:155) captures this issue well when he says employees are motivated by what they intrinsically believe is going to happen, not by what managers promise (extrinsic) will happen. Managers can motivate employees by setting in motion the conditions required for motivation namely, confidence, trust and satisfaction and creating an environment that reinforces those conditions. Pollock (2002:10) recognizes three of Hertzberg’s motivators as being crucial in motivating people. These are recognition, interesting work and responsibility. He says, over and above monetary rewards, what people crave is praise. They need assurance that their efforts are known, valued, and appreciated. Sometimes all it takes to satisfy this deep desire is a sincere well done†, preferably delivered in front of their peers. Making peoples work interesting means driving away bore doom because it’s a great de-motivator. Make their work meaningful and you will spur them to realize their own highest potential. Giving people additional responsibilities implies not only giving them extra work, but work that is important and requires a higher level of knowledge and skill. GOAL THEORY Goal theory as developed by Latham and Locke (1979), states that motivation and performance are higher when individual set specific goals, when goals are difficult but accepted and when there is feedback on performance. The implication of goal theory is that, goals set by management should be challenging enough but realistic. Participation in goal setting is important as a means of getting agreement to setting higher goals. People strive to achieve goals in order to satisfy their emotions and desires. Goals guide people’s response and actions and also direct work behavior and performance which lead to certain consequences or feedback. The feedback should be complete, accurate and timely in order to provide a means of checking progress on goal attainment 2. 3 JOB SATISFACTION THEORY VIE THEORY This theory is derived from the expectancy theory of Vroom, by Porter and Lawler (1968)in Armstrong M. In addition to three basic components of valence, instrumentality, and expectancy, this model incorporates abilities and traits, role perceptions, intrinsic and extrinsic rewards, and the perceived equity of the rewards. The model assumes that, for an effort to translate into a desired level of performance, the person must have the ability to perform well (abilities and traits), and he must understand the demands of his job (role clarity). The model acknowledges that people work for both extrinsic rewards, such as money and promotions, and intrinsic rewards, such as pride in ones work and a sense of accomplishment. The model assumes that the level of performance a person attains will affect the level of rewards he perceives to be equitable. Specifically, if a person expends a great amount of effort that culminates in high performance levels, he will perceive that he deserves a substantial reward. (Dipboye, Smith, and Howell, 1994:( 116-177). Job satisfaction is the met expectations or desires of a job. I t is a collective term of specific attitudes about work or job and it varies as a function of other non-work attitudes (age, health, etc. ). Genetic research suggests that 30% to 40% of job satisfaction is inherited. Job satisfaction and life satisfaction are interrelated and influence each other. A Gallup poll indicates that approximately 10% to 13% of workers are dissatisfied, while about 85% of workers are satisfied. Other surveys asking questions in a different manner suggests that more workers are dissatisfied. Job satisfaction varies with the type of occupation, for example, higher management means more satisfaction. Personal characteristics of workers also have an impact on job satisfaction. Job satisfaction increases age. Whites have greater job satisfaction than non-whites. The level of education is slightly negatively related to job satisfaction. If personal skills and abilities are not required by a job, job satisfaction decreases. When a person is wage may be the most important variable to job satisfaction. High job satisfaction is associated with low turnover and low absenteeism and with high commitment. Although the evidence is not conclusive, high job satisfaction is associated with high performance and prosocial behaviors. . 4 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MOTIVATION, JOB SATISFACTION AND MONEY The basic requirement for job satisfaction may include comparatively higher pay, an equitable payment system, real opportunities for promotion, considerate and participative management, a reasonable degree of social interaction at work, interesting and varied tasks and a high degree of autonomy: control o ver work pace and work methods. The degree of satisfaction obtained by individuals, however, depends largely upon their own needs and expectations, and the working environment. The level of job satisfaction is affected by intrinsic and extrinsic motivating factors, the quality of supervision, social relationships with the work group and the degree to which individuals succeed or fail in their work. Purcell et al(2003)in Armstrong M, believe that discretionary behavior which helps the firm to be successful is most likely to happen when employees are well motivated and feel committed to the organization and when the job gives them high levels of satisfaction. Their research found that the key factors affecting job satisfaction were opportunities, job influence, teamwork and job challenge. 2. BENEFITS OF EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION. * Increases Productivity Skilled and motivated people work harder and better in improving productivity. Incentive programs promote productivity in a number of ways . Employees are often motivated for reaching targets or for good work done in general. These motivations vary but the main aim is to encourage employees to work towards company goals. With the promise of motivation and clearly defined targets, employees are more productive and motivated. * Reduce Absenteeism The bottom line with motivation programs comes down to the very simple fact that people like been rewarded for hard work and a job well done. The rewards are only part of the equation. Motivation schemes show employees the company cares and appreciates the work they are doing. If an employee feels appreciated and has clear targets that result in rewards then they are more likely to want to come to work. * Increased Company Morale Rewards, incentives and recognition make for a happy, harmonious working environment. Goal setting and targeting objectives helps with focus and purpose . Employee motivation programs offer all of these things and are highly conducive to company morale. Increases in company morale helps reduce absenteeism and overall company cost. Public Recognition. Investor in people status brings public recognition for real achievements measured against a rigorous national standard. Investing in people helps to attract the best job applicant. It may also provide a reason for customers to choose specific goods and services. CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter explains how data was c ollected for the study. It also deals with the research tools used to gather the data, the method used or adopted in analyzing the data and the problems encountered during the process of data collection. The chapter distinctively discusses the following: * Sources of data * Research design * Population of the study * Sampling * Sampling procedures * Data collection techniques * Data analysis * Constraints The proposed methods adopted were structured towards the collection of data from primary and secondary sources. On the basis of the literature review, the existing acqiutance of the theme under discussion— definition, motivation, job satisfaction, motivation theories, job satisfaction theories thus its impact on employee job satisfaction fell under the following broad headings: * Definitions of motivation Job satisfaction * Motivation theories * Job satisfaction theory 3. 2 Data Sources The researchers used secondary and primary data to facilitate the data build up for the research. This was done through the use of questionnaires. The secondary sources of data collection included: * Textbooks of relevant importance to the research topic. * Published articles in Psychology and motivation journals 3. 3 Research Design The model used for this study was the descriptive research design. This design was chosen because it is on one of the best research designs which are deemed appropriate when a researcher attempts to describe some aspects of a population by selecting an unbiased sample of individuals who are asked to complete questionnaire. 3. 4 Population of the study The population of the study comprised of 50 employees of SSNIT. This population provided the researchers with all inclusive views from diverse perspectives on the effect of motivation on employee job satisfaction. 3. 5 Sample Size The sample size for the study was thirty (30) employees of the Social Security and National Insurance Trust (SSNIT). Due to responses of constraints the sample size was reduced to 20. 3. 6 Sampling procedure Because the researchers wanted to select their sample from a population which is diverse based on management hierarchy, we used stratified sampling to group our sample population into a strata based on management hierarchy at SSNIT. The population was grouped according to low level management, middle level management and top level management. After stratified sampling, we then use simple random sampling to select our target group of thirty(30) from the sample population of fifty(50). The reason was to give everybody an equal opportunity of being chosen or captured. 3. 7 Method of data collection A combination of primary and secondary data was used to acquire information. The secondary data was collected by going directly to some of the data sources. The primary data on the other hand was collected by the use of questionnaires. All the questionnaires were designed with both open ended and closed ended questions. 3. 8 Data collection All data was collected concurrently, that is both secondary and primary data were collected simultaneously. 3. 9 Data Analysis Various respondents provided series of data for the making of the research report, all data collected was coded and edited to eliminate all errors and information that did not fall within the objectives. The researchers then used the information provided by respondents and analyzed the information by the use of report, using tables, charts and so on. 3. 10 Constraints In carrying out the research, the researchers encountered some problems. Thus, the refusal of the organization to release certain important data needed for the project, especially, the historical data pertaining to human resource. The researchers could not get these data as they were deemed too confidential because of fear of competitors getting hold of them. This therefore imposed a limitation on the study. Another problem was time constraint and also inabilities to respond to the questionaires. Only twenty were responded to. Financial constraint was also a factor. CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS 4. 1 Introduction This chapter describes the responses to a series of questions designed to examine the impact of motivation on job satisfaction. The chapter begins with the findings about motivation and its impact on job satisfaction on SSNIT. The questionnaires administered were 50 employees through stratified sampling out of which 30 was picked based on simple random sampling. 4. 2 1. LENGTH OF SERVICE AT SSNIT TABLE 1. OPINIONS| NO. OF RESPONSE| PERCENTAGE (%)| 0-1 years| 4| 20| 2-4 years| 8| 40| 5-10 years| 5| 25| Above 10 years| 3| 15| Total| 20| 100| SOURCE OF DATA (FIELD DATA) DECEMBER 2010 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF TABLE 1 The respondents length of service at SSNIT were sought to determine how long they have been working there. According to the table above, 40 % of respondents constituted those who fall within (2-4 years). That is, they have been employees for two to four years. Those who have been employees for five to ten years made up 25% which was the next highest (5-10 years). Also, 20% represented those who fell between (0-1) years. They have only served a year at the time the questionnaires were administered. Lastly, 15% of respondents were within the above ten years group. From the above, it can be observed that the organization (SSNIT) has a young and fresh workforce which constitutes the bulk or majority of their employees. . Think of a time at work when you felt especially bad about your job, an incident or incidents which had a long lasting effect on you, and which led to bad feelings. Describe the circumstances, and how your work was influenced by it or them. TABLE TWO. INCIDENTS THAT CAUSED DISSATISFACTION OPINIONS| NO. OF RESPONSE| PERCENTAGE (%)| COMPANY POLICY| 8| 40| OTHERS| 6| 30| WORK IT SELF| 3| 15| INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS| 3| 15| TOTAL| 20| 100| SOURCE OF DATA (FIELD DATA) DECEMBER 2010 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF TABLE 2. INCIDENTS THAT CAUSED DISSATISFACTION COMPANY POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION (40%) The majority of cases (40%) in the sample mentioned this factor as a major cause of unhappiness at SSNIT. OTHERS (30%) This was mentioned as the second strongest factor that contributes to job dissatisfaction and was experienced by people who did not choose any of the stated factors. They responded to none of them. WORK ITSELF (15%) This contributed to job dissatisfaction in 15% of the cases and related to the content of the job. INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS (15%) This also contributed to job dissatisfaction in 15% of the cases related alongside work itself. 4. 4 4. Which of the following gives you Job Satisfaction? TABLE THREE: CAUSES OF SATISFACTION OPINIONS| NO. OF RESPONSE| PERCENTAGE (%)| Work Achievement| 6| 30| Recognition| 4| 20| Work Itself| 2| 10| Promotion/Advancement| 3| 15| Salary| 3| 15| Others(please specify)| 2| 10| Total| 20| 100| SOURCE OF DATA (FIELD DATA) DECEMBER 2010 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF TABLE 3. Regarding the issue of which motivating factor gave them job satisfaction, 30% of respondents felt work achievement gave them satisfaction according to the table. This means they value a sense of achievement for the accomplishment of some milestone set by the individual himself or supervisor. Also, 20% of respondents felt recognition was what gave them satisfaction. They felt issues like recognition for job well done, good idea, appreciation, positive feedback and simply a tap on the back to acknowledge them was most important to them. Those who chose the work itself constituted 10% as can be seen from the table above. The design of the work and the demands is enough to keep them satisfied. Advancement and salary equally had 15%. Some based their satisfaction on increments in salaries whiles others taught promotion or advancement was their main satisfiers. They all recorded 15% each as can be seen from the table. Lastly, others represented 10% and they simply did not agree with the above motivation factors or had a different set of opinion. Bateman (2004) views motivation as forces that energize, direct and sustain a person’s effort. He says that all behaviors except involuntary reflexes like eye blinks (which usually have little to do with management) are motivated. A highly motivated employee will work hard towards achieving performance goals. With adequate ability and understanding of the job, such an employee will be highly productive. An aspect of the definition implies that people have certain beliefs about which behaviors or actions will help them satisfy their needs. This belief may or may not be accurate but they help guide behavior. From the table above, you find out that if the organization (SSNIT) wants to know whether their employees are satisfied or not then they must pursue the motivating factor of work itself. That is they have to continually design the work and its demand to suit employees. 5. which of the following gives you job dissatisfaction TABLE FOUR: CAUSES OF JOB DISSATISFACTION OPINIONS| NO. OF RESPONSE| PERCENTAGE | Lack of Recognition| 9| 45| Company Policy| 3| 15| Low Salary| 5| 25| Technical Supervision| -| -| Work Itself| 3| 15| Others(please specify if any)| -| -| Total| 20| 100| SOURCE OF DATA (FIELD DATA) DECEMBER 2010 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF TABLE 4 Respondents were also asked which of the above in table five gave them job dissatisfaction. In other words which of the above make them not fell satisfied about their work. Lack of recognition was the most important demotivator that caused dissatisfaction constituting 45% of respondents. They feel the contributions they make towards organizational accomplishment is not appreciated. They are not congratulated for good work done in the midst of their colleagues or their ideas accepted and appreciated. This was followed by 25% of respondents who felt low salary was a dissatisfier. Company policy and work itself represented 15% equally. The views were taken from a total of 20 respondents. From the above, it can be clearly seen that lack of recognition was the strongest dissatisfier. According to Herzberg (1959) this falls under extrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation is what is done to or for people to motivate them. This includes rewards, punishment and recognition or praise. In this case the failure of management of SSNIT to recognize their contribution is a dissatisfier. CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 5. 0 Introduction Motivation is a major issue in every organization. Any organization that fails to motivate its employees usually faces the severe consequence of low morale. Motivation plays a significant role in the attainment of competitive advantage and job satisfaction in every organization. Findings from the analyzed data were related to the objectives of the research in this chapter. It concluded with a general summary, findings, summary of findings, conclusion and recommendation providing suggestions on how motivation is a tool to achieve job satisfaction in SSNIT. 5. 1 SUMMARY The findings from the empirical research have indicated that 30% of the respondents ranked work achievement as number one motivator for job satisfaction from a list of five factors. This contrasts with what earlier researchers adduced that total compensation and emotions were the real motivators. The reason for this could be mainly due to the fact that workers have a desire to accomplish a goal or task. People with a high need achievement have desire to assume personal responsibility, a tendency to set moderately difficult goals, a desire for specific and immediate feedback, and pre occupation with their tasks. There is the need for a motivation model that considers work achievement as a motivator to achieve job satisfaction. On the other hand, 45% of the respondents ranked lack of recognition as number one de-motivator for job dissatisfaction from a list of five. Workers want to be recognized and their contribution and ideas appreciated and also praised for a job well done. If this is absent, then it could pose significant consequences to job satisfaction. Management should ensure that workers contributions are recognized and appreciated so that they do not feel disheartened. 5. 2 CONCLUSION The conclusions are based on the gaps in the motivation theory, the assumptions on motivation and the motivation framework. The theories reviewed in this study have not eluded criticism. Indeed none of the theories were developed in Africa. Before they are acted upon therefore their relevance should be evaluated and integrated into the local organizational circumstances. Managers (supervisors) often assume that it is difficult to motivate people and that motivated workers perform better contributing to achieve organizational goals. This study has indicated that (work achievement) is a fundamental ingredient in the motivation recipe. The question of whether work achievement should be number one motivator to achieve job satisfaction has remained complex. Jobs that provide a sense of achievement and recognition may be satisfying to some individuals, as the survey results have indicated, because there is a sense of achievement when they accomplish goals set by themselves or management. However others may ot find it satisfying as compared to salary or company policy. Motivating workers is critical to the organizations success but it is an enigmatic concept. This study has not provided specific answers given the complexity and the multi-facetted nature of motivation. Instead job satisfaction guidelines have been developed and murky areas highlighted to tri gger an innovative approach towards managing job satisfaction and motivation issues. 5. 3 RECOMMENDATIONS The points discussed indicates that debates on whether or not work achievement is a motivator are not yet resolved. Infact this study will instead set the debate in motion. In the discussion work achievement was the number one satisfier contributing 30%. For work achievement to ensure job satisfaction, certain conditions must be met: According to Frederick Hertzberg, business should motivate employees by adopting a democratic approach to management and by improving the nature and content of the actual job through certain methods. Some of the methods managers could use to achieve this are: Job Enrichment-the design of jobs so that they contain a greater number of motivators which involves workers being given a wider range of more complex, interesting and challenging tasks surrounding a complete unit of work. This should give a greater sense of work achievement. The statistics of the responses given by the employees makes it significantly clear that motivation goes beyond work achievement to achieve job satisfaction. Many put significant premium on the work itself, recognition, advancement, salary, company policy among other needs. Managers must therefore make conscious efforts to understand the needs of employees at any point in time and meet them appropriately and not only rely on work achievement as the sole tool for job satisfaction. If the above conditions are fulfilled, then, work achievement can be used as a motivational tool for achieving job satisfaction and even competitive advantage. However, as already noted above some conditions are difficult to fulfill. On the otherhand,45% of respondents chose lack of recognition as the factor that gave them job dissatisfaction or dissatisfier. Dissatisfiers essentially describe the environment and serve primarily to prevent job dissatisfaction. This means that the workers at SSNIT feel their work is not appreciated or recognized. Workers want to be recognized whether a note or praise, for example a manager saying ‘good idea’, well done and was in the form of appreciation, positive feedback, positive compliments and admiration. The management of SSNIT should ensure that the contributions made by employees is recognized and appreciated and it will go a long way to achieve job satisfaction and competitive advantage. Skilled and motivated workforce can be a source of competitive advantage in today’s ever dynamic and turbulent business environment. 5. 4 TO FUTURE RESEARCHERS The findings in this research revealed a significant tradeoff between work achievement and other factors regarding those factors that gave them satisfaction. We recommend that subsequent research on this topic critically examines the rate of this tradeoff between work achievement and the other factors. And perhaps researchers may dare to exclude work achievement from the factors in subsequent studies in order to fairly examine the strengths of other factors against each other to achieve job satisfaction among employees.